The Impact of Electronic Media and the Internet on Print...

The Impact of Electronic Media and the Internet on Print Media New technology has developed rapidly since the birth of the internet, and it continues to expand and evolve affecting many domains, especially the print media. This essay will investigate the influence and impact of current technology of the electronic media and World Wide Web on print media, and how future developments in technology will affect the future direction of the traditional newspaper. The way in which â€Å"Bloggers† have influenced traditional journalism will also be explored and how this has affected the journalism profession. In addition, the negative impacts of how the electronic media is being used as a political forum will also be investigated. Finally, the†¦show more content†¦It has been reported that the future of electronic information is not embraced by a lot of the news media as free interactive services generate low levels of interest with pay-per-call services as the main source of revenue. However, Rupert Murdoch saw the opportunities off ered by new technology, and through diversification created an international press, followed by a television domain, creating a truly global media empire (Shawcross:1999). However, other print media have resisted being fully represented on the web. Interestingly, reports claim the traditional newspaper will continue to survive due to common factors such as the much loved writer or columnist, local community news and the personal link to world news (Fulton 1996). However it could be argued that these same factors are applicable to the internet. Melinda McAdams, a primary contributor in the setup of the Washington’s Posts online service, recognizes the above mentioned factors also support the internet inferring a person with a lot of on-line experience thinks more about connections, organization, movement within and among sets of information, and communication among different people (Fulton:1996) demonstrating that the similar relationships can be formed with journalists over the internet. Furthermore, as the World Wide Web provides an interactive stage, the accuracy and legitimacy of news items could beShow MoreRelatedElectronic Media1675 Words   |  7 PagesELECTRONIC MEDIA AND PRINT MEDIA INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC MEDIA This is a type of MASS MEDIA which uses ELECTRONIC Energy in the user end. The most familiar electronic media includes video recording, audio recording, multimedia presentations, slide presentations, CD ROM’S and online contents. Also, recorded broadcasting in television, radio, telephone etc. could be considered as electronic media. THE BASIC USES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA Electronic Media is probably the most diversified subject of studyRead MoreHistorical Evolution and Development of the Various Mass Media970 Words   |  4 Pagesto the historical evolution and development of the various mass media in the United States. Print, broadcast, and electronic media have changed drastically since man was first introduced to them. The speed of these changes are occurring more rapidly now, altering the different forms of media along with it. Though these changes have brought forth many benefits, a few negative impacts have been brought along as well. Print media has been used by people to spread information for centuries, datingRead MorePrint Media And Digital Media1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe print and the digital media have been in the forefront in acting as the social mirror reflecting on what goes on in the society. Thus when it is said that the print media is dead it becomes quite disturbing because traditionally it is known as the only tool that people have come to trust to deliver information in a holistic manner. Well, in the advertising world, it is assumed that the more the products are displayed in pages of magazines and newspapers; they are bound to be sold more becauseRead MoreThe Mass Media Influence On Society804 Words   |  4 PagesThe mass media greatly influence the behavior and thoughts of citizens and policymakers, and has a great impact on policy agenda. The mass media includes television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication. There are two kinds of media; print media, which includes newspapers and magazines, and electronic media, which includes television, radio, and the Internet. There are various positives and negatives of the media and its relation to the public and toRead MoreMass Media Milestone1700 Words   |  7 PagesMilestone in the history of mass media The first variation of a newspaper was published in Rome in 59 BC. It was a daily sheet that Julius Caesar ordered to be distributed all over the city. However, the first newspaper was printed in Beijing in 746 (Flanagin, 452). Also, a forty-two-page bible was published two years later after a German poet used a printing press to post a poem. This was a significant period that marked the beginning of mass media production. Mass media refers to a communication channelRead MoreEssay Responsibilities of the Media1579 Words   |  7 Pages1) The primary role of media delivering the news to the public is to gather and report news that is true, fair, honest, accurate, non-biased and non-critical. The news keeps us informed about what is going on in and around the world, investigating stories and delivering information to a large and diverse audience. The media channels news through television, radio, newspapers, internet, and other products that reach people, groups, and societies. Not only does theRead MoreTechnology Is An Indispensable Part Of Our Life Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagescomputers without having in mind that we may lose everything due to a mistake or an error that usually happen in computers. Also, we spent lots of our time dealing with technology like watching TV, play video games, or using cell phones; all these has an impact on our behavior. Both the supporter of technology and the opposing have good points of views that support the ideas of each one of them. Since technology like anything else in our life, it has both advantages and disadvantages. It is obviously thatRead MoreWhat Would The World Be Without Books, Magazines, And Newspapers848 Words   |  4 PagesWhat would the world be without books, magazines, and newspapers in printed forms? How would this impact readers of various ages? How would this impact populations in our culture without access to computers or the Internet? In my opinion, these are great discu ssion questions. I would like to take few minutes to take you on a journey back through time before I answer the question. I am in my mid-40s. In a month, my grandfather will celebrate his 100th birthday. I remember playing with his mother asRead MoreNegatives And Negatives Of Print1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe future of print communication lies within the direction of where print media is currently heading, digital. With that being said, print will never die; there will always be people who want to physically hold a book, a magazine, or a newspaper. Although it is not presumptuous to assume that the amount of print will decrease, it will however continue to live for decades to come. Print history will always have a crucial aspect in the linear advancements of technology. There are many ways to lookRead MoreEssay on Development of Mass Media1402 Words   |  6 Pagesmass media exist: radio, television, film, internet, email, blogs etc. Yet how these forms of media contribute to the growth of media, was never asked? Some would say that its solely because of the variety mediums, some would say that mediums was built for the 20th century, and some would say that mediums were destined and directed to grow to this point. Ever since the first form of mass media in the late 15th century called print, the dynamics of mass media continued to blossom. Mass media touches

Martin Luther King Jr. - 2438 Words

I have a dream that one day everyone will understand what Martin Luther King Jr said in his infamous speech on August 28, 1963, and recognize the power and beauty in his words. In the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, Martin Luther King, Jr. persuades the citizens of the United States that they should no longer accept segregation, and all men should be created equal, as our Constitution states. In this fight though, we can not use violence, but use the power of words, and not stop until every human being is free. This speech was given in a time where black people were made to think that they were equal with white people, when in actuality, they were â€Å"separate but equal† which is not the same thing. This is when called segregation flourished and eventually, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. had enough of this injustice and he spoke out to the citizens of the United States and the world to fight for freedom. This speech used all of the rhetorical devices: ethos, logos, and path os, and it used such powerful, discrete language that not only persuaded the reader, but entertained them, drawing in his audience after every word. Its rhythm made it stay with people, haunting them. He truly made it clear of the awful ways the African American people were being treated, connecting to them, making them feel something, making the reader want to listen to him and follow King with every step he took. In the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., his biggest main idea to support theShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr.867 Words   |  4 Pagespeople, one of them is Martin Luther King Jr. He made the world a better place for black citizens by doing non-violence movements and marched the way to freedom. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta Georgia as Michael King Jr., but changed his name to Martin Luther King Jr. in honor of Protestant Martin Luther. Through his activism, King played a pivotal role in ending the legal discrimination of African American citizens. During his childhood, Martin Jr.’s father stronglyRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr1194 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Simmons 1 Gabrielle Simmons Mrs. Fitzgerald Social Studies 8A 4/27/10 Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a well known and an inspiring man to all cultures of the world. King was and still is one of the most influential heroes. King s views and believes helped African Americans through the 50 s and 60 s to the rights and liberties that was their right. King faced many obstacles on his journey, things like jail and even assassination attempts. Despite these obstacles,Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1078 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr., was a very strong person, constantly fighting for what he believed in, which was equality for African Americans. He was not scared to stand up and tell the world what he wanted for society. He was fearless and did everything in his power to prove a point. Martin Luther King, Jr., was the strongest individual of his time, for he fought until death, which proves how much he was willing to risk his life to make the world an equal place. Growing up, he had a very interestingRead MoreMartin Luther King, Jr Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesbe slaves, African-Americans saw a road trip to equality through the eyes of Martin Luther King, Jr. Even after being emancipated from slaves to citizens, African-Americans were not ready to wage the battle against segregation alone. The weight which African Americans carried on their back, was lightened when they began to see what Martin Luther King, Jr. brought to the table against segregation. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the single most important African-American leader of the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreBiography of Martin Luther King, Jr745 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born on in his mothers parents large house on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the second child, and was first named Michael, after his father. Both changed their names to Martin when the boy was still young. King JR was born into a financially secu re family middle class with that, They received better education in respect to most people of their race. King Jr, noticed this and this influenced him to live a life of social protestRead MoreEssay on Martin Luther King, Jr.591 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born at home on Tuesday, January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents were Martin Luther, Sr. and Alberta King. He was born into a world where segregation was the law. Where his boyhood best friend, who was white, wasnt allowed to play with him once they started school. Where black people went to separate bathrooms, drank from separate water fountains, couldnt eat in whites only restaurants, and had toRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1144 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. (January 15 1929-April 4, 1968) Brief Summary (of who MLK Jr. is): Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and an activist who led the civil rights movement in the 1950. He was a fundamental force behind the civil rights movement that ended legal segregation. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. But he was sadly assassinated in 1968 on a second floor balcony of Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee†¦ Childhood: Martin Luther was never poor. He lived with a middleRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.2405 Words   |  10 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and social activist, who led the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968. IN THESE GROUPS NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERS FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO DIED IN 1968 FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO WENT TO PRISON FAMOUS CAPRICORNS Show All Groups 1 of 19  «  » QUOTES â€Å"But we come here tonight to be saved from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.† —Martin Luther King Jr. Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Essay1862 Words   |  8 Pagesbut the content of the character,† (Martin Luther King Jr,1963) Martin Luther King Jr. was a smart child and had a good childhood. He learned values from his parents, and Martin Luther King Jr was a man of much wisdom during his time. He was a major contributor to the civil rights movement, and those contributions have profound effect even today. Michael Luther King was Martin Luther King Jr’s name when was born. His parents changed his name to Martin Luther King when he was just a young boy. TheyRead More Martin Luther King Jr. Essay637 Words   |  3 Pages Martin Luther King, Jr. was perhaps one of the most influential person of our time. As the father of modern civil rights movement, Dr.Martin Luther king, Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom and peace. Born January 15, 1929, King was the son of an Atlanta pastor. King accomplished many achievements during his life. He graduated from Morehouse as a minister in 1948 and went on to Crozer Theological seminary in Chester, Pa., where he earned a divinity degree. After that King

Production and Operations Management Communities

Questions: Describe the process by which profits or losses are eroded Comment on productive and allocative efficiency of firms in the model. Choose an industry where monopolistic competition prevails, illustrate and evaluate the behaviour of firms in the market. Answers: Introduction: As per the statement of Feenstra (2016), it can be mentioned that in the monopolistically competitive type market structure, there exists a large number of producers. These producers sale differentiated products. Therefore, it can be stated that the goods and services are not substitutes to each other. The sellers also able to set out the price and the competitors can also reflect their behavior on the pricing strategy. Hence, it can be inferred that product differentiation is the major key determinant to determine the market construction of the monopolistic competition. In the points of Balistreri and Rutherford (2013), it can be mentioned that the market under the monopolistic competition is the collection of perfect competition and the monopoly. The companies participate can freely enter into the market under monopolistic competition. In addition, it can be added that under the aggregate market structure, each firms are acted like a monopolist. Here, the manufacturing goods are differentiated but closely substitutes. The demand curve is also downward sloping. The demand curve of the products can also determine the price of the goods. According to Kirzner (2015), it can be mentioned that each of the companies aim to maximize their profits under monopolistically competition. In this connection, all firms focused to set the output level in such a manner that marginal cost of the market is similar to the marginal revenue. Therefore, the first order condition fir maximize the profit can be described as MR=MC. This is also similar to the market of monopolistic competition. However, the major difference among monopolistic competition and monopoly can be explained as in monopolistic competition, the marginal revenue curve lies above the residual demand curve in the position of demand curve of the market of monopolistic competition. Moreover, Bertoletti and Etro (2015) pointed that residual demand curve in monopolistic competition can be explained as the aggregate market demand curve; it is the net productivity of the producers. In the other words, it can be mentioned that monopolistic competition is a type of market, where there exist a large number of sellers. These sellers focused to sale different type of goods. However, the products are not perfectly substitutes or homogeneous in nature. In the words of Stiglitz Rosengard (2015), the market demand curve is of elastic in nature. In this context, it can be stated that the sellers sale differentiated goods, for which demand curve is elastic in nature. On the other hand, it can be observed that as the firms are closely substitute to the others; therefore, if one firm enhances their prices of the goods, then the consumers will get the chance to switch the firms in order to purchase the goods. However, Collier and Venables (2014) criticized that the demand elasticity of the goods and services under this type of market is not perfectly elastic. Therefore, it can be noticed that there are a small number of competitors under monopolistic competition. The above figure shows that the suppliers of the monopolistically competitive market are supposed to be price makers. The firms will produce at the point of Q. In this level, the marginal cost and the marginal revenue would be similar. The price would be estimated at the point where quantity of the selling products touches the average revenue curve. This situation arises as the participants have the power to control the market under this type of market structure. With the help of this situation, the social dead weight loss can be determined. On the other hand, the green colored shaded region shows the amounts of profits of the firms. This situation has occurred in the short run market. The above figure showed that the firms would be capable to manufacture up to that level where the long run marginal cost curve would touch the marginal revenue curve under the long run monopolistic competition. As per the opinion of Assenza et al., (2015), it can be mentioned that price of the goods would be estimated where the average revenue curve and the quantity crossed each other. As a result, it can be mentioned that the long run companies would break even. In addition, it can be stated that the monopolistic firms would earn their profits in the short run, the effect of monopoly pricing can lowering down the demand in the long run. This would in turn enhance the requirements for the participants to create a differentiation in the products. This will in turn raise the average total cost. As opined by Feenstra (2016), it can be mentioned that decrease in the demand and the increase of cost would in turn make the long run average cost tangent at the point of profit maximizing price of the goods. As a result, this situation has two implications. Firstly, the organizations under the monopolistic competition would produce surplus in the long run. Next, the monopolistically competitive firms would be able to break even under long run and can also earn the economic profitability. The above diagram depicted the shifting of the participants to the long run equilibrium. In the points of Feng, Wang and Zhang (2014), it can be mentioned that if the companies have earned positive as well as higher economic profitability in the monopolistically competitive market, other participants would get the chance to go into the competition. As a result, it can be observed that the market demand curve under the monopolistically competitive market would move towards the leftward. This shifting of demand curve would be continuous until the break even condition would occur within the market. On the other hand, Schweinberger Suedekum (2015) cited that other participants would not be permissible to enter into the marketplace. In the concept of economics, it can be mentioned that the firms of the monopolistically competitive firms are treated as the monopolistic firms. It is identified that the firms have the market power to determine the price of the goods. Hence, it can be stated that the firms are allowed to charge the prices where they are willing to make an influence on the products of the monopolistically competitive market. The price of the products can be evaluated where the profit maximizing level of the production would touch the demand curve. This price level is greater than the marginal cost of the firm. As a result, it can be mentioned that the customers need to pay the price, which is larger than the pricing structure in the perfectly competitive type market. This would in turn highlight the reduction of the consumer surplus. Moreover, it can be added that the producers under the monopolistic competition would produce less products compared to the perfect competition. Therefore, it can be inf erred that the profitability earning would be compensated when they earn higher profits by charging of higher price of the products. As a result, Lucas (2016) mentioned that the producer surplus would be reduced. From the above diagram it can be mentioned that the monopolistic competition creates the social dead weight loss and the inefficiency, which can be represented with the help of the brown colored region. It can be stated that the productive efficiency arises when a firm use all of the sources in an effectual manner. This situation would arise when the commodity price can be evaluated at the level of marginal cost. The marginal cost would be similar to the average cost of then goods. Moreover, Nikaido (2015) opined that the organizations also focused to determine the entire procedure of the products, which is greater than marginal cost in the monopolistic competition. This would indicate the ineffectiveness of the marketplace. This quantity is produced at the level where QM crosses the marginal cost curve. Similarly, it can be stated that the allocative efficiency would take place when a good is produced at the point, which would maximize the social welfare. This situation arises when the cost of the products is equal to the marginal benefits and this is equivalent to the marginal cost. Nonetheless, the price of the manufacturing goods in the monopolistically competitive market would be larger compared to the marginal cost. The market structure would not be allocative effective. According to Calvo Prez (2016), restaurant industry will be an ideal example of monopolistic competition. In the context, it can be stated that there are a number of restaurants in the monopolistic competition. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that there is no barriers to entry as well as no barriers to exit. In the points of Parenti, Ushchev and Thisse (2017), it can be added that every restaurants are closely substitutes to each other in the monopolistic competition. Profit maximization condition: According to Nikaido (2015), it can be mentioned that the restaurants raise the price up to a specific level, which is higher compared to the other restaurants, which also participate in the market. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that all of the restaurants are performing differently from the others, among which some of the individuals have aimed to support constantly. Under this type of market structure, the restaurants can effectively estimate the price level of the individuals, which is also unique. Short run market condition: In the points of Phelan et al. (2017), it can be mentioned that a restaurant would compete with the other restaurants as there are no barriers to exit as well as no barriers to entry. Hence, it can be noticed that the demand curve of the restaurants would be downward sloping. Moreover, it can be stated that the restaurant would aim to raise the price of the products than the other participants. As a result, the visitors would like to visit to the restaurants. The consumers usually like to visit where the price of the products are comparatively lower than the other firms. Hence, the marginal revenue curve of the firms would lie down the demand curve, which is downward sloping. Moreover, the marginal revenue curve of other food substances of the firms would be comparatively cheaper in the entire market price. Long run condition: In the points of Lucas (2016), it can be added that with the entry of new participants in the market place, the availability of getting the food staffs in the restaurants would be raised. If the demand of the food substances would be decreased, then it can be inferred that the demand curve of the restaurants would be highly elastic. As a result, the demand curve would move towards leftward. Therefore, new restaurants would also focus to come into the market place. This entrance of the restaurants into the market place would be continued where the restaurants would be able to earn higher profitability earning. Moreover, it can be added that zero solution would be noticed at the level where the market demand curve would be tangent with the average total cost curve. As a result, it can be inferred that the pricing structure of the food staffs in the restaurants would be decreased and the output level would also be decreased. The behavior of the restaurants in the monopolistic competition can be described in the following manner: Each and every restaurant in the monopolistic competition can take effective decision regarding the price as well as the output level. This pricing structure of the restaurants would be developed depending upon the cost of production of the foods. Information regarding the market structure is increased within the participants. Nonetheless, it is unlikely perfect. In addition, Roper, Love and Bonner (2017) cited that the consumers get the chance to make a re-evaluation about the food substances of the restaurants. This can be accessible within the restaurants before choosing the menus. However, they would not be able to worth the quality as well as the value of the service of the restaurant. In the words of Balistreri Rutherford (2013), it can be mentioned that the risks generated under the monopolistically competitive market, which is associated with the decision making procedure. Moreover, the entrepreneur performed an essential role compared to the other participants within the competition. The participants can also enter or leave from the market freely. Therefore, it can be opined that there are no barriers to entry as well as no barriers to exit within the market. On the other hand, it can be observed that in the monopolistic competition, there are four types of products. According to Stiglitz and Rosengard (2015), it can be identified that the first product differentiation is associated with the physical product differentiation. In this context, it can be stated that the size, design, the performance and the shape of the products are associated with the differentiated products. Secondly, product differentiation is connected with the packaging of the products and the promotional procedure. Next, human capital differentiation is based upon the skills and the knowledge of the employees of the firms. Lastly, it can be stated that product differentiation is depending upon the distribution procedure and in this process, mailing order and the internet shopping can be a greater example, which can efficiently relate this concept. As per the statement of Zhelobodko et al. (2012), the restaurants can take the help of advertisements to promote the service of their organization. As a result, the consumers or the visitors can get clear information about the product specification and can also identify the product differentiation. In the given case study, it can be noticed that Adani Groups Carmichael coal mine is positioned in Galilee Basin, Queensland. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the performance of the organization has released many harmful gases. As a result, third parties have been facing from negative externalities. In this context, it can be mentioned that the first and the second parties are identified such as the producers as well as the consumer respectively. In the opinion of Olabi (2016), it can be mentioned that negative externality is associated with the cost or with the benefits. This has an effect on the third party. They are not supposed to incur cost or the benefit. In addition, it can be mentioned that negative externality is related with the external cost of the products. This above figure identifies the impact of the negative externality. The optimal production quality can be evaluated by the output level Q2. In this level, the negative externality can reflect the output level at Q1. The shaded region can highlight the deadweight loss of the society. Moreover, the impact of negative externalities of the coal mine company can be explained in the following manner: It can reduce the life expectancy as the organization release many harmful gases. The harmful gases are such as ozone, sulphur dioxide. In this connection, it can be mentioned that these gases have the direct and negative impact on the health of the individuals. The respiratory system of the human being would be affected from these harmful gases. As a result, they may admit in the health care centers. Instead of this, the individuals would face from serious diseases and they may suffer from several lungs diseases, ataxia or renal dysfunction etc. Instead of this, Lucas (2016) opined that Adani Groups operation function increase the pollution in the atmosphere. This is considered as the negative externality as this has a negative impact on the individuals. In addition, it can be stated that the third parties are forced to pay for this negative externalities. Therefore, the coal mining company would reflect a negative impact on the negative cost on the individuals. Moreover, Nikaido (2015) cited that this coal mining organization has also discharged green house gas. This green house gas has a negative impact on the environment. From the reviews of report, it can be mentioned that Adani Groups has discharged sulphur around 145 million tons. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the air has been polluting due to the discharging of another harmful gas such as gravely toxic. According to Baumol Blinder (2015), it can be added that negative externality has the indirect effect on the economic operation. Therefore, it can be opined tha t external diseconomy would affect the atmosphere by raising the pollution level. This diagram highlights the impact of external diseconomy. The coal industry is operating in the competitive type market structure. In this purpose, it can be observed that marginal social cost is greater compared to the marginal private cost. Marginal social cost is greater for the reason of external cost. In addition, it can be mentioned that the marginal benefit is connected with the operation of coal mining. Therefore, the marginal social cost is equivalent to the marginal benefit. From the above diagram, it can be stated that the individual private cost can be determined along with the determination of P1 price level and the Q1 level of quantity. On the other hand, it can be added that individual would not choose the effective and higher price level P2 and the effective quantity level Q2. Moreover, social benefit is lower than social benefit. This study is essential to understand the growth of the environmental recompense instruments. This would be able to reduce the negative externality. Moreover, it can be mentioned that ecological services can increase the economic evaluation. Market failure is also related with the operation function of Adani Group. By supervising the performance of the organization, resource developers would be able to restore the well being of the locality. As a result, environmental balances of that place would be improved. References Assenza, T., Grazzini, J., Hommes, C., and Massaro, D. 2015. PQ strategies in monopolistic competition: Some insights from the lab.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,50, 62-77. Balistreri, E. J., and Rutherford, T. F. 2013. Computing general equilibrium theories of monopolistic competition and heterogeneous firms.Handbook of Computable General Equilibrium Modeling,1, 1513-1570. Baumol, W. J., and Blinder, A. S. 2015.Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Bertoletti, P., and Etro, F. 2015. Monopolistic competition when income matters.The Economic Journal. Calvo, J. A. P., and Prez, A. M. J. 2016. Optimal extraction policy when the environmental and social costs of the opencast coal mining activity are internalized: Mining District of the Department of El Cesar (Colombia) case study.Energy Economics,59, 159-166. Collier, P., and Venables, A. J. 2014. Closing coal: economic and moral incentives.Oxford Review of Economic Policy,30(3), 492-512. Erku?-ztrk, H., and Terhorst, P. 2016. Innovative restaurants in a mass-tourism city: Evidence from Antalya.Tourism Management,54, 477-489. Feenstra, R. C. 2016. Gains from Trade Under Monopolistic Competition.Pacific Economic Review,21(1), 35-44. Feng, S., Wang, D., and Zhang, X. 2014. Study on Ecological Compensation for Coal Mining Activities Based on Economic Externalities.Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection,2(02), 151. Kirzner, I. M. 2015.Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Lucas, A. 2016. Stranded assets, externalities and carbon risk in the Australian coal industry: The case for contraction in a carbon-constrained world.Energy Research and Social Science,11, 53-66. Nikaido, H. 2015.Monopolistic Competition and Effective Demand.(PSME-6). Princeton University Press. Olabi, A. G. 2016. Energy quadrilemma and the future of renewable energy.Energy,108, 1-6. Parenti, M., Ushchev, P., and Thisse, J. F. 2017. Toward a theory of monopolistic competition.Journal of Economic Theory,167, 86-115. Park, S. J., Cachon, G. P., Lai, G., and Seshadri, S. 2015. Supply chain design and carbon penalty: monopoly vs. monopolistic competition.Production and Operations Management,24(9), 1494-1508. Phelan, A. A., Dawes, L., Costanza, R., and Kubiszewski, I. 2017. Evaluation of social externalities in regional communities affected by coal seam gas projects: A case study from Southeast Queensland.Ecological Economics,131, 300-311. Roberts, K. 2014. The limit points of monopolistic competition.Noncooperative Approaches to the Theory of Perfect Competition,3, 141. Roper, S., Love, J. H., and Bonner, K. (2017). Firms knowledge search and local knowledge externalities in innovation performance.Research Policy,46(1), 43-56. Schweinberger, A. G., and Suedekum, J. (2015). De-industrialization and entrepreneurship under monopolistic competition.Oxford Economic Papers,67(4), 1174-1185. Stiglitz, J. E., and Rosengard, J. K. (2015).Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton and Company. Zhelobodko, E., Kokovin, S., Parenti, M., and Thisse, J. F. (2012). Monopolistic competition: Beyond the constant elasticity of substitution.Econometrica,80(6), 2765-2784.

Motivation and Leadership free essay sample

This work is submitted as part of the requirements for the MSc in information system and management. The work contained in this assignment is my own, individual and original work and has not been used in whole or in part for any other assessment on this or any other degree. I have read and understand the university rules on plagiarism. This essay discusses the quote by Dwight D. Eisenhower on leadership. In this quote, he defines leadership as the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it. Firstly, the meaning of this quote is explained by highlighting two distinct aspects of this statement, which is that leadership is the art of getting people to ‘want to do’ and getting them to ‘actually do’ what the leader wants done. It is inferred from this statement that Eisenhower’s notion is that these two processes, although distinct, are not mutually exclusive. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To provide a further explanation, the essay goes on to conceptualize these processes with their associated distinct leadership-styles and discusses the view point that these two concepts have to work both in combination and complementarily in order for his perspective on leadership to be fully agreed upon. â€Å"Leadership is the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it† (Dwight D. Eisenhower). What does this quote mean? To what extent do you agree or disagree with the quote and why? Over the years, many researchers, writers and leadership theorists have postulated various theories, ideas and perspectives on leadership, most of which are centred on the exertion of influence by a person on others to make them do something or achieve a goal. There is no one universally accepted definition of leadership. However, to name a few, Maxwell (1998) describes leadership as being nothing more (or less) than influence. Yukl (1994) also defined leadership as â€Å"the ability of one person to influence a group of persons toward the achievement of common goals† (p. 14). In the quote by Dwight D. Elsenhower above, leadership is viewed as the process of getting people to want to do as opposed to getting them just to do, which is a clear difference between the process of managing and that of leading (Kouzes amp; Posner, 1987). This statement holds true when the leader is able to properly communicate his vision in such a way that the followers are able to believe and buy into this vision by showing them how they can be served by a common goal. This ability of the leader to inspire his followers and get them to identify with his vision enacts their willingness to do something because they actually want to do it. Leaders do this by first of all being credible. They establish this credibility by their actions by challenging, inspiring, enabling, modelling and encouraging (Kouzes amp; Posner, 1987). When a leader is credible, he is better able to solicit the support and commitment of his followers. They are more willing to provide time, intelligence and energy to support the cause championed by the leader (Kouzes et al, 2010), because they trust and identify with his visions and goals and are confident in his ability to deliver. In essence, for a leader to get people to do things because they actually want to, he must be believable. His level of honesty, drive and passion therefore go a long way in building up this believable character. This quote also highlights the fact that leadership involves ‘delegating’ a task that the leader himself ‘wants done’. Hence, the leader has to take full responsibility for the task carried out by the subordinate and give him credit where appropriate. This is further supported by another quote by D. Eisenhower cited in Puryear Jr. 1991) who says: â€Å"†¦Leadership consists of nothing but taking responsibility for everything that goes wrong and giving your subordinates credit for everything that goes well. † (p. 289). Therefore, the Leader is fully responsible for anything that the subordinate does wrong and the subordinate should be made to understand this. Bearing this in mind, leaders adopt a leadership style to achieve their objectives and get their subordinates to do what they want. Different leadership styles have been discussed in earlier works of literature. Three major leadership-styles identified by psychologists Lewin et al (1939), are the democratic, autocratic and the laissez-faire styles. Active member involvement and group-decision making is encouraged by the democratic style while leaders are more domineering in the autocratic style and ‘hands off’ in the laissez-faire styles respectively. Also, in the framework proposed by Getzels and Guba (1957), the bureaucratic and delegative leadership-styles can be identified. The former being the style in which policies and procedures are prescribed while the latter is exactly the same as in the laissez-faire (passive) leadership style. Goleman (2000) also proposes six leadership-styles, which are, authoritative, democratic, affiliative, coercive, coaching and pacesetting. He explains that every leadership style is made up of some degree of emotional intelligence, which is exhibited through self-management, self-awareness, social awareness and social skill. Moreover, Authors such as Yukl, (1999), Rowold amp; Heinitz, (2007) and Judge amp; Piccolo (2004) have distinguished between two leadership styles; transactional and transformational leadership. These distinct leadership styles were initially introduced by Burns (1978), which was then later modified by Bass in 1985. To buttress the highlighted points and meanings of the quote discussed so far, this essay would be mainly focusing on the transformational and transactional approaches to leadership. Furthermore, how these styles can influence follower motivation would be discussed, as well as the extent to which this quote can be agreed upon. As explained earlier, this quote views leadership as a process of getting people to do what you want because they ‘want to’ and also as a process of getting people to ‘actually do it’. It may be inferred from Eisenhower’s statement that his view is that these two processes although separate, are not mutually exclusive. Hence, the transformational and transactional leadership styles can be characterized by each of these processes respectively, both of which can be combined and used to complement each other. This combination and complementation of these two leadership styles and processes can therefore be aligned with Eisenhower’s notion of leadership. Transformational leadership is one in which the leader elevates the interests of his followers by increasing awareness and acceptance of the group’s purpose and mission and by also allowing the followers to look beyond self-interest but to the collective interest of the group (Bass, 1985). The leader transforms the values and priorities of subordinates, and motivates them to exceed their performance expectations (Yukl, 1994). It is seen as a more participative leadership style in which the subordinates are inspired and influenced positively by their leader and accept, internalize and identify with the leader’s visions (Jung amp; Avolio, 2000). The willingness of subordinates to do what the leader wants done is influenced by their trust and confidence in the leader, coupled with his ability to inspire and motivate the employees to achieve great results by putting in the extra effort (Bass, 1985). Also, the ability of the leader to understand the differences and individuality of the followers, as well as provide support to foster growth and development also helps to increase their commitment and willingness to do what is required (Bass, 1985). The leader here is charismatic and energetic and is able to instill this enthusiasm into his followers, which gets them to actually want to do the job as oppose to just doing as they are told. However, in the transactional style of leadership, the followers simply do as they are told. The leadership is more like a process of exchange or contractual agreement between the leaders and followers (kappen, 2010). The leader meets the immediate needs of his followers as a reward, in exchange for the desired level of performance and negative consequences (punishment) is used to curtail undesired behavior (Jung amp; Avolio, 2000). Unlike in transformational leadership, the leader seems not be really concerned with changing the followers attitudes, beliefs and values neither do the followers feel the need to develop a greater sense of commitment and trust in the leader. The focus is mainly on just getting the job done which is the second aspect of leadership outlined earlier from Eisenhower’s quote. Leadership styles can impact or influence follower motivation to a significant extent. Transactional leadership is of the notion that people are motivated by reward and punishment and when the conditions of the exchange process are agreed upon, the followers primarily do what is required of them by the leadership. However, in transformational leadership, the followers are not only motivated by rewards but also by the processes resulting in these rewards (kappen, 2010). Transformational leadership embodies charismatic leadership where followers can be motivated by inspiration and by increasing their level of emotional involvement. To further expatiate on the influence of leadership styles on motivation, the relationship between transactional and transformational and motivation shall be discussed respectively. As discussed earlier, transactional leadership is an exchange process or contractual agreement between leaders and subordinates, in which the subordinates are externally driven to yield results through rewards and punishment. This external drive can be referred to as extrinsic motivation. Transactional leadership based on contingent reward is positively related to the follower’s motivation (Judge amp; Piccolo 2004). By providing contingent reward systems, leaders can motivate their followers to put in their best efforts to yield the desired results. The task assigned to the follower may generally be of no interest but the provision of an external reward could motivate the person to complete the task (kappen, 2010). These external rewards may be monetary or be in the form of good scores etc. This shows that a leader can still get people to do what he wants done even without them actually wanting to do it, as opposed to what Eisenhower’s suggests. Here leadership is not necessarily the art of getting people to do something you want done because they want to, it is the art of getting people to simply do by providing the appropriate reward agreed upon. Hence the reward or avoidance of punishment is the motivator rather than the leader or the task itself. In the case of transformational leadership, the focus is more internal and on the process as a whole and not just the outcome (Kappen, 2010). Internal or intrinsic motivation can be derived from task features such as autonomy, task significance, feedback, task identity, and so on (Houkes et al, 2001). The transformational leader tries to meet the immediate and future intrinsic needs of his subordinates, which are closely related to Maslow’s higher order needs (Maslow 1943). Hence intrinsic motivation plays a key role in this process and this notion is supported by (Barbuto, 2005) who explains that internal or intrinsic motivation encompasses a persons emotions, fun, trust and feeling of self-worth and these are all driven by internal influences which can be ppropriated by transformational behavior. The leader tries to transform the followers’ goals, beliefs and values to align with his and that of the organization and motivates them by positively building up their sense of self-worth and self-efficacy (Shamir et al, 1993). The ability of the leader to achieve this through his charismatic persona and individualized consideration, helps to increase their willingness to do what the leader wants done and to achieve the desired performance levels or outcome. So, drawing from all the points mentioned above, to what extent can Eisenhower’s quote be agreed upon? By identifying two distinct aspects in his statement, this essay has highlighted Eisenhower’s notion of leadership as being the art of getting people to ‘want to do’ and to ‘actually do’ what the leader wants done. This statement holds true so far as these processes are seen as distinct yet not mutually exclusive. Hence, the two processes have been characterized by the transformational and transactional leadership-styles respectively. The transformational leadership-style is associated with the process of getting people to want to do due to the leader’s ability to inspire trust and confidence in his vision as well as his ability to internally motivate people to put in their best efforts to yield the desired outputs. On the other hand, the transactional leadership-style is associated with getting the work done regardless of whether or not the subordinates actually want to do it provided there is an extrinsic reward agreed upon or the avoidance of punishment. Therefore, as long as these two concepts and their associated leadership-styles can be combined and used to complement each other rather than viewed as just separate, this quote can be agreed upon. This means that leadership should not merely be the art of getting people just to do what you want done but also it should involve the processes involved in inspiring and motivating them to actually want to do it and vice versa. When a leader is able to motivate his followers internally and externally with the appropriate rewards and charismatic approach to transforming their behavior, the leadership would tend to be more successful and well aligned to its aims and this balance therefore agrees with Eisenhower’s perspective of leadership.

Thomas Hardy Quotes From Tess of the dUrberville

Thomas Hardy Quotes From 'Tess of the d'Urberville' Tess of the dUrberville is a tragedy. The novel details the loss of innocence and the ultimate destruction of a young girl. The novel was one of the last novels by Thomas Hardy, who is also famous for Jude the Obscure. Here are a few quotes from Tess of the dUrberville. I dont know; but I think so. They sometimes seem to be like the apples on our stubbard-tree. Most of them splendid and sound - a few blighted.- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 4 I wont sell his old body. When we dUrbervilles was knights in the land, we didnt sell our chargers for cats meat. Let em keep their shillings! Heve served me well in his lifetime, and I wont part from him now.- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 4 Thus, the thing began. Had she perceived this meetings import she might have asked why she was doomed to be seen and coveted that day by the wrong man, and not by some other man, the right and desired one in all respects...- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 5 Out of the frying pan into the fire!- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 10 But some might say, where was Tesss guardian Angel? Where was the providence of her simple faith? Perhaps... he was talking, or he was pursuing, or he was in a journey, or he was sleeping and not to be awaked... As Tesss own people down in those retreats are never tired of saying among each other in their fatalistic way: It was to be.- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 11 My life looks as if it had been wasted for want of chances! When I see what you know, what you have read, and seen, and thought, I feel what a nothing I am!- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 19 I cant bear to let anybody have him but me! Yet it is wrong Tess him, and may kill him when he knows!- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 28 Yes; at that dance on the green; but you would not dance with me. O, I hope that is no ill-omen for us now!- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 30 you always courting me, and always thinking as much of me as you have done through the past summertime!- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 32 You are very good. But it strikes me that there is a want of harmony between your present mood of self-sacrifice and your past mood of self-preservation.- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 35 I agree to the conditions, Angel; because you know best what my punishment ought to be; only - only - dont make it more than I can bear!- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 37 She would have laid down her life for ee. I could do no more.- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 40 You, and those like you, take your fill of pleasure on earth by making the life of such as me bitter and black with sorrow; and then it is a fine thing when you have had enough of that, to think of securing your pleasure in heaven by becoming converted!- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 45 How can I pray for you, when I am forbidden to believe that the great Power who moves the world would alter his plans on my account?- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 46 You have been the cause of my backsliding, he continued, stretching his arm towards her waist; you should be willing to share it, and leave that mule you call husband forever.- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 47 Remember, my lady, I was your master once! I will be your master again. If you are any mans wife you are mine!- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 47 O why have you treated me so monstrously, Angel! I do not deserve it. I have thought it all over carefully, and I can never, never forgive you! You know that I did not intend to wrong you - why have you so wronged me? You are cruel, cruel indeed! I will try to forget you. It is all injustice I have received at your hands!- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 51 his original Tess had spiritually ceased to recognize the body before him as hers - allowing it to drift, like a corpse upon the current, in a direction disassociated from its living will.- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 55 O, you have torn my life all to pieces... made me be what I prayed you in pity not to make me be again!- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 56 And the dUrberville knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing.- Thomas Hardy, Tess of the dUrberville, Chapter 59

Should Parents be Subjected to Licencing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should Parents be Subjected to Licencing - Essay Example In the hands of parents lie their children’s future because how they mold their children will create a great impact on the children’s lives. LaFollette has argued that a license is necessary when the activity to be engaged upon is potentially harmful to others. Much like a driver needs to secure a driver’s license before driving a car because driving is potentially harmful to others, parenting is argued to likewise be potentially harmful to children especially if the parents are not qualified to raise them (183). The second argument for a licensing program for parents is that their competence should be proven in order to ensure a safe performance of their duties as parents (183). What if they are not adept in caring for another individual, especially a young child who is totally dependent on them for all his needs? What if they do not have what it takes to equip the children with the necessary skills to survive when they grow up and go out into the world? What wo uld become of these children? A third argument for licensing is that there should be a reliable procedure for testing such competence (184). LaFollette explains that when the first two arguments are met, that of parenting being potentially harmful indeed to others especially to children, and that the parents’ competence is questionable, then parents become legitimate subjects for licensing. If all three arguments are met, then it becomes imperative to issue licenses to qualified parents. Since children are highly valued by society, their welfare is given utmost consideration. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) declares that "the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth" (Article 2.2), Article 2.2 further details, â€Å"States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members.† This implies that if children are left in the hands of irresponsible parents, then the state will do everything to protect children from any potential harm that may be inflicted by such parents. This is to ensure that they will be kept safe and put in an environment where they can grow and develop into well-adjusted and healthy individuals that can be productive and contributory citizens to society in the future. Studies have shown that children who grew up under abusive or negligent parents have strong tendencies to develop the same behaviors with their own children due to the constant exposure they got when they were young. Anda et al (2005:174) discussed in their study that the traumatic experiences of abused or neglected children often stays on with the victims into adulthood. Some children may never fully recover from the trauma, resulting in lifelong depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Other individuals may be predisposed to engage in prostitution, pornography, drug abuse, or crime. The long-term consequences of child maltreatment can be so devastating that it has been called "soul murder" (Shengold, 1989:43). In order to prevent this, Article 19 of the UNCRC requires that â€Å"

IDPS Latest Roundup Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IDPS Latest Roundup - Article Example 280) We worked as transformation leaders and managed to achieve the objectives for full utilisation of IDPS with greater success. We have been working to achieve fully automated systems through the use of Autodesk Revit ROBOT Structural Analysis and Autodesk Ecotet. Today, experts are using these systems to determine the type of framing material to meet their low CO2 emissions target as the changes in the method of building production is required and high degree of accuracy is needed in building production to satisfy the clients to meet the global challenges in building construction (Kim and Haas 764). One of the major setbacks of conventional word processing systems is that they are not able to adjust to the changing requirements. Some feel the learning curve is steep while others feel the errors in conventional word processing systems are very high (Pritschow et al. 280). Additionally, the need for using automated office tools is being realized by more and more offices. One of the inherent qualities of automated office tools such as Integrated Document Production System is their ease of use and its user friendly functions. IDPS utilized for the construction industry will integrate various important software products such as Orion, Autodesk and Atlas Pro. This will facilitate the structural engineers to get accurate measurements of the steel members of buildings. In early 2012, the IDPS group started using IT as a conventional method used for preparing architectural drawings and designs, as the process of preparation of tender documents was time consuming and difficult to work. The drawbacks of the conventional system were - †¢ The designs overlapped and with inadequate support for the management, it created a lack of coordination within the team members. †¢ The design process took 1-2 months, architectural drawings 3-4 months; structural drawing 3-4 months, mechanism electrical drawings 3-4 months, submission 1-2 months and the preparation of bill o f quantities took 3-4 months. Moreover, for the preparation of tender stage it took 20 months. †¢ The lack of coordination reduced the efficiency. †¢ Unnecessary pressure was created on resources and time, ultimately resulting in delay in implementation. †¢ The process involved lots of manual calculations resulting in human based calculation errors and delays, due to which the buildings in Brunei were not able to appear advanced. Advantages of using Integrated Document Production System The Integrated Document Production System which was started by the Department of Technical Services under the e-Government initiative has been successful in achieving the needed efficiency in preparing tender documents and implementing projects (Kahane and Rosenfeld 764). The tools which were included by the IDPS were - Autodesk Revit Architecture, Autodesk Revit Structure, Orion, Autedesk Revit MEP and Atlas Pro. Automation and use of robots speeded up the working, drawing preparation and improving the management of project; additionally improving coordination and integration of the project. It reduced the time needed for completing the projects and provided the needed rationale which worked on tender documents. Further, it was able to provide the analysis of the structure. IT was used to get the information that can be stored in one database and it allowed the administrator to handle and analyse the data in a better way. It also provided improved coordination in the construction industry in the field of quantity surveying, engineering,